Portrait Values Questionnaire Research Articles

Eating disorders and related psychological features among Arabs and Jews in Israel: Does culture play a moderating role?

Eating disorders (EDs) have been documented in various cultural settings. A continuous increase in ED' rates among non-Western cultures (e.g., Arab cultures and East-Asian cultures) has been reported. We aimed to investigate the relations among culture, ED symptoms, and psychological features that are highly relevant in EDs through a cultural comparison of three groups. The groups included female university students in Israel with varying levels of exposure to Westernization: 118 Jewish students, 132 Arab students studying at a mixed university with a Jewish majority, and 111 Arab students studying at Sakhnin College, a college for Arab students only. The groups differed significantly on the Conservation Value dimension from the Short Portrait Values Questionnaire. Four psychological features were examined as predictors of ED symptoms: Interoceptive-deficits, Ineffectiveness, Asceticism, and Maturity-fear. The results revealed a comparable prevalence of self-reported ED symptoms among Arabs and Jews, with a small exception for bulimic symptoms, which were less prevalent among those in the Sakhnin group, who also scored lower on Ineffectiveness and higher on asceticism than the other groups. Testing the relations between the four psychological features and ED symptoms revealed that culture played a moderating role in predicting the strength of ineffectiveness and maturity-fear. Ineffectiveness was not a predictor among the Sakhnin group, whereas maturity-fear was not a predictor in the least conservative Jewish group. Asceticism and interoceptive-deficits predicted ED symptoms across all study groups. Our findings indicate that the problem of EDs may be similar among Arab and Jewish women in Israel. Moreover, despite some similarities in the relevance of some ED-related psychological features, other features are moderated by culture.

Values and physical activity among sports science students in France and China: a transcultural analysis.

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between values and physical activity in France (a Western European individualistic country) and in China (an East Asian collectivist country). Six hundred and twenty-seven sport science students in France (N = 308, Mage = 18.99, SD = 1.64) and China (N = 319, Mage = 20.44, SD = 1.09) completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire long version and the Portrait Values Questionnaire. In both France and China, moderated regression analysis revealed that hedonism positively/negatively predicted physical activity, while security-societal, security-personal, and conformity-rules values negatively predicted physical activity. In contrast, stimulation and universalism-nature values positively predicted physical activity only in France. In China, benevolence and benevolence-care positively predicted physical activity, while power dominance negatively predicted physical activity. Additionally, we found evidence of measurement invariance of the value questionnaire. Our findings add to the literature by showing that the value-behavior link is partly the same across countries and partly different. Further, our findings show that for certain populations, the previously established hierarchy of human values does not replicate.

THE VALUE-SEMANTIC COMPONENT OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL CULTURE OF THE PERSONALITY OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

The article is devoted to the study of the value-semantic component of psychological and pedagogical culture in adolescence. The relevance of the research is due to the fact that the structure and content of value orientations and semantic formations of a person has a significant impact on the formation and development of psychological and pedagogical culture as a whole. In turn, a developed psychological and pedagogical culture of the individual is important for the formation of a meaningful and valuable attitude to the profession of a teacher.
 The purpose of the article is to consider the features of the relationship of value orientations and life meanings in high school students.
 Methods: Portrait Value Questionnaire, PVQ (Schwartz Shalom H.) adaptation by N. M. Lebedeva (2007); System of life meanings (V.Y. Kotlyakov).
 As a result of the research, the connections between the value orientations of the individual (at the level of normative ideals and at the level of individual priorities) and life meanings are identified and analyzed.

Intersectionality of place and race: entrepreneurial performance of Arab citizens of Israel

PurposeThe objective of this study is to understand how Arab entrepreneurs in Israel redress the disadvantage of the intersectionality of place and race by setting up their businesses in markets beyond their ethnic enclaves as well as by pursuing opportunity entrepreneurship and the role human values play in this process.Design/methodology/approachUsing the portrait value questionnaire, a survey of Arab entrepreneurs in Israel was conducted. Multiple linear regressions were run to generate the findings.FindingsThe authors find that educated and non-conforming Arab men in Israel, driven by stimulation and universalism, successfully neutralise the intersectional disadvantage of place and race through entrepreneurship.Research limitations/implicationsCare is advised in the generalisation of findings of this research to other intersectional communities as they emerge from the unique context of Arab entrepreneurs in Israel.Practical implicationsEducation, stimulation and universalism facilitate entrepreneurial success beyond Arab ethnic enclaves whereas conformity suppresses it.Social implicationsWith the right attributes and values, marginalised individuals can emerge from the disadvantage of the intersectionality of place and race.Originality/valueThe study advances the intersectionality discourse from “what it is” and “what it does” to “what can be done about it”. It identifies the attributes and values that help Arab entrepreneurs in Israel to remedy their intersectional disadvantage.

Reappraising personal values in cancer: Meaning-in-life adaptation, meaningfulness, and quality of life.

This study explores the reappraisal of personal values among people with cancer post-diagnosis and its connections to meaningfulness, encompassing personal meaning and sense of meaning, and various dimensions of quality of life. A total of 144 patients with diverse cancer types and a control group comprising 158 healthy adults with similar demographic characteristics completed the Valued Living Questionnaire-Perceived Change, the Personal Meaning Profile-Brief, the Portrait Values Questionnaire, and the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-Being. Cancer patients displayed a substantial values reappraisal compared to healthy adults. They reported an increased significance of social areas and self-transcendental values, including close relationships (family, partner, and friends), spirituality, citizenship, and universalism, as well as an increased importance of self-care and self in general. Conversely, cancer patients assigned less importance to work and self-enhancement values such as stimulation, power, and achievement. Cluster analysis revealed that patients who reappraised their values exhibited higher meaningfulness and better indicators of quality of life, including spiritual and physical well-being, compared to patients who did not modify their value system. These findings underscore the importance of assessing and promoting meaning-in-life adaptability among people with cancer, with potential applications in meaning-centered therapies and interventions aimed at enhancing psychological flexibility.

Screening respondents to increase data quality in consumer tests

Product tests are often conducted to understand consumer opinions and perceptions. A screener is often used to determine which respondents are consumers. Our goal was to determine how filtering consumers who gave low-quality screener responses affects test results. Respondents in Finland (n = 343) and Turkey (n = 342) completed an online questionnaire. The questionnaire began with a screener. Respondents who consumed category products regularly were classified as consumers. Points were allocated to respondents who gave dubious answers to screener questions. Respondents with too many points “failed”; others “passed”. Regardless, all respondents completed an online test of three product concepts and a short version of the portrait values questionnaire. Screener-passing consumers better discriminated the product concepts and had larger directional differences between the concepts than a conventional panel comprised of all consumers. Fixed-sized panels composed first of screener-passing consumers, then of all consumers, were simulated using the bootstrap procedure. Screener-passing simulated panels were more discriminating of the concepts and had larger between-concept differences than conventional simulated panels. These empirical results indicate the size of the benefit realized by incorporating data quality checks into screening. If consumers who give dubious screener responses are dropped, then other consumers can take their places or their places can be left unfilled, yielding either better differentiation or cost savings. Further study is needed to develop best practices in screening that can be used in different countries and cultures.

Gender-specific personal values and life priorities: Insights from the Bedouin minority in Israel

Abstract Introduction Personal values play a crucial role in shaping health behaviors and decision-making. The study aimed to explore the values and priorities of the Bedouin minority in Israel using the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ-21). While the PVQ-21 is widely used, few studies have examined its use among minority populations in Israel. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 331 Bedouin participants in Southern Israel. Participants completed the PVQ-21 questionnaire, which measures four key values related to self-transcendence (universalism and benevolence), self-enhancement (achievement and power), openness to change (self-direction, stimulation and hedonism), and conservation (security, conformity and tradition). Results The overall PVQ-21 score was significantly higher (p < 0.001) among Bedouin males (6.40±0.67) than females (5.92±0.89). Gender differences were significantly higher among men in self-transcendence (7.02±0.9 vs. 6.02± 1.21, respectively) and conservation (7.04±0.73 vs. 6.11±1.07, respectively), but not in self-enhancement and openness to change. Specifically, significant differences (p < 0.05) in conservation values were observed between residents of recognized towns and residents of newly recognized/unrecognized villages (6.66±1.07 vs. 6.42±0.95, respectively). Religiosity, marital status, and education were significantly associated with self-transcendence and conservation values. Conclusions This study provides valuable insights into the personal values and priorities of the Bedouin minority in Israel. The results suggest that Bedouin women prioritize values related to benevolence and conservation, which may reflect the traditional gender roles and expectations within Bedouin society. Recognizing the cultural context and unique value orientations within minority populations is essential for developing effective and inclusive health promotion strategies that can contribute to reducing health disparities and improving overall well-being. Key messages • Gender differences in personal values among Bedouin minority in Israel highlight the importance of understanding cultural context. • Recognizing the value priorities of minority populations is crucial for developing effective and inclusive health promotion strategies that address health disparities.

Predicting Prosocial Personality, Other-Oriented Empathy, Helpfulness, and Social Exchange Styles Based on Value System

A deeper understanding and promotion of moral personality is achieved by understanding egoism better. To this end, this study investigates the associations between prosocial personality and social exchange styles based on a range of egoistic and altruistic values. The study has a descriptive-correlational design. Sampling was conducted using multi-stage cluster sampling. Data were collected using the Protocol Personality Battery, Social Exchange Styles Questionnaire, and Portrait Values Questionnaire and analysed using stepwise multiple linear regression and multi-dimensional scaling. Our findings show that conflicting predictive values in some exchange styles, which are close to the prosocial personality, could represent an egoistic-altruistic spectrum in those styles that supported the research hypothesis.

Environmental values and education in Spanish universities: a questionnaire validation

Purpose To protect the environment and society, research on responsible behavior and personal values has increased. Values have been identified as important for understanding and predicting environmental preservation behaviors. The purpose of this study is to analyze the validity and reliability of the Environmental Portrait Value Questionnaire in the Spanish context. Design/methodology/approach The new version of this questionnaire was administered to 742 university students (46.4% male and 53.6% female) from 16 regions in Spain. Findings The results of adapting and testing the instrument’s psychometric properties were consistent with accepted criteria for validity and reliability. Therefore, this updated and contextualized instrument has the potential to contribute to academic advances in the sense of expanding the empirical practice of studying environmental values. Fifteen items from the original version were retained, grouped into four factors as in the original version: Altruistic – five items; Egoistic – four items; Biospheric – three items; and Hedonic – three items. The final version showed adequate fit indices and reliability measures. Originality/value This instrument is a powerful resource for the Spanish academic community because using this application it will be possible to assess the degree of commitment of young adults to the goals of sustainability and environmental protection.

Ценностно-интенциональные механизмы и стратегии социально-психологической адаптации юношей к условиям военно-образовательной среды

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objective. </strong>The paper is devoted to the study of the value-intentional mechanisms and strategies of socio-psychological adaptation of young men to the conditions of the military educational environment.<br><strong>Background. </strong>The system of values and orientation of the individual is considered as a central element of the process of socio-psychological adaptation. The significance of value-motivational factors in determining certain types of human social behavior (creativity, aggressive and pro-environmental actions, political activity, etc.) has been shown in several studies. At the same time, specific value-intentional determinants, and mechanisms of socio-psychological adaptation to various conditions of the professional and educational environment remain practically unexplored. The task of the present study was to identify informative value-intentional mechanisms of adaptation to the conditions of the military educational environment. <br><strong>Study design. </strong>The process of socio-psychological adaptation of young men to the conditions of a military institute was used as an experimental model. The respondents' value system was assessed in the longitudinal study for three times: upon admission (Stage 1), one month later (Stage 2), and one year after admission (Stage 3) to the institute. The effectiveness of the process of socio-psychological adaptation was determined at the 2nd and 3rd stages of the study. <br><strong>Participants. </strong>120 young men took part in all stages of the study. The respondents were in the same social conditions of the educational military-professional environment during the entire period of the study: their regime of educational activities and leisure, as well as the nature of professional and interpersonal relationships were similar. <br><strong>Measurements. </strong>The S. Schwartz survey was used for the studying of the value system of the individual (“Schwartz Value Survey” (SVS) and “Portrait Value Questionnaire” (PVQ). The multi-level personality survey “Adaptiveness” (A.G. Maklakov, S.V. Chermyanin), methods “Neuro-psychic Adaptation” (I.N. Gurvich) and “Self-assessment of the Psycho-emotional State” SUPOS-8 (O. Mikshek, modified by V.A. Kulganov) were used for assessing of the adaptation efficiency. Statistical data processing was carried out using the SPSS 22.0 program: a statistical analysis of differences was carried out according to the Wilcoxon's <em>T</em>-test and Mann-Whitney <em>U</em>-test; correlation, factorial, regression types of analysis were applied. <br><strong>Results. </strong>It has been established that young men with high and low efficiency of adaptation to the conditions of the military educational environment implement, respectively, group-centric, and egocentric value-intentional strategies of socio-psychological adaptation. Each of these strategies is represented by different value-intentional mechanisms. <br><strong>Conclusions. </strong>The egocentric value-intentional strategy of socio-psychological adaptation among respondents with its low efficiency is implemented by the following mechanisms: an increase in the importance of egocentric motives to the detriment of group-centric ones; restructuring of the value hierarchy at both levels of value representation with increased intentions for sensual pleasures, independence and social dominance; the formation of the value opposition "security-independence" with the equal magnitude of competing motives in it; the emergence of a mismatch between the value-normative and motivational-behavioral levels of value representation. The main mechanisms of the group-centric value-intentional strategy of socio-psychological adaptation among respondents with its high efficiency are: maintaining the stability of the hierarchy of the value system with dominance at all stages of adaptation of attitudes towards safe-friendly and conformal relationships in a social group; restoration by the end of the adaptation process of consistency between the value-normative and motivational-behavioral levels of value representation; the formation of a dynamically stable value opposition "achievement-kindness" with the equal magnitude of the motives involved in it.</p>

Basic human values of dairy producers in Canada and the U.S.: A cross-sectional survey study

Farmer decisions on management practices have a broad impact across economic, environmental, and public health issues, and have been associated with farmers' basic human values (e.g., tradition, stimulation, and security). This knowledge can be useful to inform the implementation of research programs and voluntary policies. A cross-sectional study was designed to characterize 10 Schwartz's basic human values (conformity, tradition, benevolence, universalism, self-direction, stimulation, hedonism, achievement, power, and security) in Canadian and U.S. dairy producers using a 20-item Portrait Value Questionnaire (PVQ) survey. Canadian dairy producers in Ontario (n = 3367) and Atlantic Canada (New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island; n = 557), and U.S. dairy producers (n = 1000) in five Eastern states (Florida, Michigan, Ohio, Vermont, and Wisconsin) were invited to participate. Producers were asked to rank their relatability to 20 items (each basic human value evaluated by two items) using a 6-point scale (1–6) and the score of each human value was the mean rank of the two items corresponding to the basic human value. Cluster analysis was performed to identify distinct groups of Canadian and U.S. producers that shared basic human value patterns. Country-wise and cluster-wise comparisons in basic human value scores and producers' demographics were performed. Overall, 289 surveys were returned with useable responses from Canadian producers (7.4% response rate) by July 2021 while 315 useable responses (33.1% response rate) from U.S. producers by May 2021. Canadian producers had more desire (P < 0.05) to enjoy life (hedonism), for success (achievement), and to dominance (power), whereas U.S. producers were more (P < 0.05) compliant (conformity), traditional (tradition), helpful (benevolence), egalitarian (universalism), and were more likely to appreciate social security and stability (security). In addition, U.S. producers who milked more cows daily were more open to changes (less conservative) with more desire for success and leadership than those milked less (positive correlation between the number of cows milked daily and the value scores). Compared to data from the general population based on the Wave 5 (2005–2009) and Wave 6 (2010–2014) World Value Surveys, dairy producers in Canada and the U.S. were more open to changes with more desire for power. Although a cluster of more open producers was identified in both countries (n = 71 in Canada; n = 86 in the U.S.), they could not be differentiated from other producers by demographic characteristics. Through this study, we showed differences in 10 basic human values between Canadian and U.S. dairy producers, which were distinct from the general population of the respective country. For U.S. producers, farm size was positively associated with openness and desire for more authority, qualities that may indicate more willingness to adopt new dairy farm practices or adhere to agricultural regulations. Thus, the influence of 10 basic human values by dairy producers should be considered to inform the design or implementation of best practices, future policies, and research programs.

Hemşirelik Öğrencilerinin Temel Değerleri ve Bireyselleştirilmiş Bakım Algılarının İncelenmesi

Background/Aims:This study was conducted to determine the relationship between nursing students' individual values and perceptions of individualized care. Methods: The population of this descriptive and correlational study consisted of all nursing students (n=205) at Bezmialem Foundation University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing in the 2021-2022 academic year, and the sample included 194 students selected by using the simple random sampling method. Data were collected using a Student Information Form, the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ), and the Individualized Care Scale-Nurse Version and analyzed on the SPSS 24 software package. Results: Participants’ mean age was 20.37± 1.23, 91.8% were female, and 28.3% were second-year students. Participants’ mean scores on the PVQ were 4.97±0.43 on the total scale, 5.37±0.56 on the universality sub-dimension, 5.26±0.55 on the self-direction sub-dimension, and 5.25±0.57 on the security sub-dimension. Their mean scores on the ICS (Nurse Version) were 4.33±0.74 on the total scale, 4.40±0.78 on the decisional control over care sub-dimension, 4.32±0.78 on the clinical situation sub-dimension, and 4.23±0.81 on the personal life situation sub-dimension. A significant positive correlation was found between the sub-dimensions of the ICS and those of the PVQ (p&amp;lt;0.05). Conclusion: It was found that participants got the highest scores on the universality sub-dimension of the PVQ. This value emphasizes equality and justice in the provision and maintenance of care. Justice and equitable distribution of resources to all individuals is the basic principle in individualized care. These results are important in terms of showing that nursing students, future nurses, can provide individualized nursing care. Keywords: Individual values, Individualized Nursing Care, Nursing Student

AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF THE SUITABILITY OF HELP-SEEKING, CULTURE AND STIGMA MEASUREMENT AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

There is a rise in the incidence and prevalence of mental distress among university students. However, the rate of mental health service utilisation is low. As psychological help-seeking attitude is a strong predictor for seeking psychological treatment, it is important to validate feasible and psychometrically sound instruments in the Malaysian context. This pilot study aimed to investigate the reliability and validity of six scales measuring the moderating role of culture on the effect of stigma in psychological help-seeking attitudes among university students. An online questionnaire, consisting of 83 items and 6 scales namely, the Portrait Value Questionnaire (PVQ-21), Loss of Face Scale (LOF), Individualism versus Collectivism Scale (INDCOL), Perceptions of Stigmatisation by Others for Seeking Psychological Help Scale (PSOSH), Self-Stigma of Seeking Help (SSOSH), and The Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Scale (ATSPPHS-SF) is distributed to a convenience sample of 61 samples from International Islamic University Malaysia. The results of this pilot study indicated that the overall reliability of the questionnaire was Cronbach’s Alpha 0.90. The Cronbach Alpha value for the total of all measures was found to be highly reliable. A factor analysis was run to test the validity of the unidimensional scales, and the results ranged from KMO value 0.63 to 0.84 with Bartlett’s p-value for all scales being significant (p &lt;0.00). Validity of multidimensional scales were tested with convergent validity analysis. Both the INDCOL and PVQ-21 showed a good convergent validity and is a valid tool. The instruments used in this pilot study can be used for the main research study in studying the moderating role of culture on the effect of stigma in psychological help-seeking attitudes among university students as the instruments are multiculturally competent. Therefore, in a multicultural population like Malaysia, instruments as such are found to be helpful in studying the effects of culture, stigma, and personal values on psychological help-seeking attitudes.

Self-efficacy in the urban Indian culture- exploring values, self-construal and personality

Background: Personality and cultural influences on self-efficacy have not been examined among urban Indian adults, though they are relevant. Of specific importance is the relationship between self-efficacy and an individual’s perceptions of relatedness and autonomy, and their values. Methods: The aim of the present study was to examine the association between self-efficacy with self-construal, personality and individual values in an urban community sample from Bangalore city, India. A snowballing technique was used to recruit community participants (N=304, mean age=24.80±4.35 years). The tools used were the self-efficacy scale, the self-construal scale, the temperament character inventory-revised, and the portrait values questionnaire. Data was fitted into a linear regression model. Results: About seventy percent of self-efficacy was associated with was positively associated with personality dimensions of persistence and self-directedness, and negatively associated with novelty seeking and harm avoidance. Moreover, there was a significant positive association with the family value of benevolence and a negative association with security. Conclusions: It is important to study self-efficacy which has implications for domains such as quality of life, sense of contribution to society, well-being and positive beliefs held by individuals and the community at large regarding their self-worth and control. The study highlights the role of personality and values; all suggestive of a shift from the collectivist.

COVID-19 vaccination in Brazilian public security agents: are human values good predictors?

PurposeThe authors investigated the effect of basic human values in the prediction of COVID-19 vaccination behavior amongst public security agents in Brazil.Design/methodology/approachA sample of 15,313 Brazilian public security agents responded to the portrait values questionnaire and a COVID vaccination behavior measure. Multidimensional scaling analysis (MDS) was used to observe the order of the predicted by the theory. For hypotheses, the authors ran a series of Structural equation modeling (SEM) with direct effects between values and vaccination rate.FindingsResults suggest that the values of conservation and self-transcendence positively predicted vaccination. A nonsignificative negative prediction was obtained for openness to change and self-enhancement values on vaccination behavior.Research limitations/implicationsData were collected using self-report questionnaires.Practical implicationsInstitutional management should encourage capacitation campaigns aimed at public security agents, enabling a significant increase in vaccine protection for the public security institutions.Social implicationsThe reinforcement of conservation and self-transcendence values lead to the perception of the vaccine as a measure of caring for people in general and for the members of the ingroup, hence motivating the vaccination behavior.Originality/valueThe findings confirm that values encourage individuals to be vaccinated, due to their intrinsic motivation. This relationship did not appear to be clearly tested by previous empirical studies.

The role of values and involvement of young people in various forms of activity in the preference of the online/offline environment

The paper analyzes the role of values and involvement of young people in various forms of social activity in the preference of online or online environment. The relevance of such a research design is related to the need to determine the determinants of the preference for the environment of social activity in a situation of total digitalization of society. The purpose of the study is to analyze the role of values and realized forms of social activity of young people in the preference of the online/offline environment. The study involved 442 people, average age M = 21.82; SD = 6.23 (men — 33.5 %, women — 64.5 %). We have suggested that the preference for an online or offline environment may be due to involvement in various forms of activity and values, as well as their joint effect. The design of the study assumed the use of the regression method and the method of structural modeling. The following techniques were used. To identify the degree of involvement in various forms of activity, a modified questionnaire was used, built according to the type of direct scaling (Shamionov et al.), the analysis of values was carried out using the Schwartz’s technique “Portrait value questionnaire”, the degree of trust was revealed using the technique “Scale of social trust” by I. Yu. Leonova and I. N. Leonova. The determining role of the Internet-network and Internet search, leisure and subcultural (positive) and religious and sports and wellness (negative) has been established activity in preference to the online environment; sports and recreation, family, and household, cultural and mass, Internet search (positive) and protest (negative) activity in the offline environment preferences. The values of stimulation, power-dominance (positive) and tradition (negative) determine the preference for the online environment, and independence-actions, stimulation, tradition (positive) and interpersonal conformity (negative) — the preference for the offline environment. The joint effect of values and involvement in different forms of activity in the preference of the online/offline environment is revealed. The preference of the online environment in the implementation of social activity is associated with social distrust. The research results can be used to develop programs to balance the preferences of the activity environment.

Value orientations and attitudes towards money among Russian and Chinese students as characteristics of the economic behavior of young people

Introduction. In the global economy, young people from the perspective of public administration are considered as intellectual capital. The purpose of this article is to conduct a comparative analysis of value orientations and attitudes towards money as indicators of economic behavior among Russian and Chinese students. Methods. The study used the following methods on a sample of 88 Russian and Chinese students: 1) Questionnaire by B. Klontz and T. Klontz “Monetary Attitudes” adapted by Bayazitova, T.A. Lapshova; 2) Portrait Value Questionnaire by S. Schwartz (PVQ-RR) adapted by T.P. Butenko, D.S. Sedova, A.S. Lipatova); 3) Questionnaire “Moral assessment of money” E.I. Gorbacheva and A.B. Kupreichenko. Statistical analysis of the data used the Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and cluster analysis. Research results. In the process of conducting empirical analysis, significant differences were identified between Russian and Chinese students in the manifestations of value orientations such as: 1) reputation (0.036; p ≤ 0.05); 2) personal safety (0.04; p ≤ 0.05); 3) conformity - rules (0.026; p ≤ 0.05); 4) modesty (0.004; p ≤ 0.01). Russian students value their reputation and personal safety more; on the money avoidance scale, Chinese students have a significantly higher indicator compared to Russian students (0.026, p ≤ 0.05). As a result of the correlation analysis, significant relationships between the scales were found among Russian students: (p ≤ 0.05): 1) avoidance of money - hedonism (r = -0.300), modesty (r = 0.298), benevolence (r = -0.353); 2) money as status – modesty (r = -0.333); 3) worship of money - independence of thought (r = 0.375), independence of action (r = 0.331), hedonism (r = 0.341), power - dominance (r = 0.351), security - personal (r = 0.336), benevolence - duty ( r = 0.330). Among Chinese students, significant relationships were found for the following indicators: In the group of Chinese students, the following relationships were identified (p ≤ 0.05): 1) money as status - power - resources (r = 0.312), traditionalism (r = 0.302); 2) worship of money - independence of thought (r = 0.310), conformity - rules (r = 0.320), conformity - interpersonal (r = 0.372), modesty (r = 0.318); 3) vigilance regarding money - achievement (r = 0.315), power - resources (r = 0.309), conformity - rules (r = 0.304). The use of cluster analysis made it possible to identify positive and moral-conflict types of attitudes towards money among Russian students, and among Chinese students - morally uncertain and compromising-positive types of attitude towards money. Conclusion. As a result of the study, recommendations were proposed for the development and correction of indicators of economic behavior among young people: 1) introduction into educational practice in higher education of methods for developing students' knowledge in the field of financial literacy; 2) development of civic identity and patriotic feelings, which act as psychological support for students on the path to professional development and financial success; 3) developing students’ attitude towards money as a result of personal and professional self-realization; 4) providing information and education to foreign students in the field of economic behavior in Russia in order to successfully adapt to a foreign cultural environment.

Social Axioms and Individual Values as Predictors of COVID-19 Fear among University Students from Countries with Different Government Strategies for Managing the Pandemic

Background. Effective prevention of psychological trauma by fear of COVID-19 requires the study of the relationships between the psychological and contextual factors that can influence the level of this fear. The social axioms, individual values, and government strategies for managing the pandemic have not yet been studied as a system of psychological and contextual factors contributing to COVID-19 fear. Objective. The aim of this study was to assess the level of COVID-19 fear and the characteristics of the relationships between the social axioms, individual values, and fear of COVID-19 among university students from countries with different government strategies for managing the pandemic. Design. University students from countries with different government strategies for managing the pandemic (208 Belarusians, 200 Kazakhstanis, and 250 Russians ages 18 to 25) participated in an anonymous online survey. The respondents filled in questionnaires that assessed their manifestations of COVID-19 fear (COVID-19 Fear Scale: FCV-19S) as the dependent variable; the “Social Axiom Questionnaire” (QSA-31) and the “Portrait Value Questionnaire” (ESS-21) measured the social axioms and individual values as the independent variables. Results. Fear of COVID-19 reached a higher level among the students from the countries with the weakest (Belarus) and the strongest (Kazakhstan) restrictive measures during the pandemic. Dysfunctional fear of COVID-19 was manifest among those Belarusian students who attached the greatest importance to self-enhancement values and the fate control axiom, and the least importance to the social complexity axiom, as well as among those Russian students for whom the religiosity social axiom was significant and the social complexity axiom was not. For Kazakhstani students, social axioms and values were not predictors of dysfunctional fear of COVID-19.

Value-Orientation Differentiation of Volunteers-Educating of the Internet Encyclopedia “Wikipedia” and the Project “Otvety.” Part 2

Over the past decades, altruistic cyber activities of online education volunteers who share useful knowledge with other Internet users have become widespread in the Internet space. Personal and group features of such prosocial behavior, which is strongly influenced by the realization of values, have not been sufficiently studied by psychological science so far. This study continues the psychological analysis of the value-orientation sphere of online educators, focusing on competent education volunteers who deal with the Internet encyclopedia “Wikipedia” (N = 92) and the question-answer (QA) online project “Otvety” (N = 113). The following tools were used in the work: the revised Portrait Value Questionnaire (PVQ-R2R) by Sh. Schwartz adapted by T.P. Butenko, D.S. Sedova and A.S. Lipatova and the Value Orientations Techniques developed by O.I. Motkov and T.A. Ogneva (version 2). The results of the analysis provide sufficient grounds to characterize the members of both groups as indivi- duals who are productively oriented towards informational and pro-social Internet activities that are not identical in format from the perspective of transfinite altruism, for the implementation of which optimal non-hierarchical-parity conditions have been created in their reference online communities, stimulating liberty in the process of individual self-realization. It is shown that, with a high homogeneity of the value profiles of the Wikipedia authors and QA “Otvety” service experts, the internal value-related self-determination (procedural in nature) has a basal meaning for them, since the external one, set in a heteronomous position, only weakly corresponds to their freedom-seeking way of life. It is concluded that the series of theoretical and empirical psychological studies of the diverse teams of online education volunteers will make it possible, by understanding their personal and group specifics, to lay a solid foundation, which can potentially lead to global unity of people with the prospect of large-scale amplification of knowledge as one of the highest human values.

The experience of conflicts (internal and external) and the sense of meaning in life. An existential approach

Although there is a relatively long tradition of research into the mechanisms underlying conflicts (both internal and interpersonal ones), the existential perspective of conflict has not as yet been the subject of extensive psychological studies. From the standpoint of existential psychology, conflict is primarily an expression of an individual’s confrontation with objective existential facts: freedom and the responsibility for oneself that freedom entails, the finitude of human life, existential loneliness and fate in its broadest sense. Although conflict, so defined, is essentially an immanent feature of human existence, it becomes a problem when a strong sense of helplessness and anxiety starts to accompany it, as a person loses their purpose in life and fails to realize their personal values.&#x0D; This research aimed to answer the question of whether there is a relationship between an individual’s behavior in response to (internal and interpersonal) conflict and his/her sense of meaning in life and preferred values. The study covered a group of 153 students aged from 19 to 26 years. Purpose-of-life was measured using the test developed by Crumbaugh and Maholick (1964). The Schwartz Portrait Values questionnaire was used to assess the respondents’ preferences for fundamental values. The behavior of the subjects in response to conflict was examined using linguistic (frequency) analysis of the verbs used in their open-ended answers.